EV Powertrain & Batteries
+22% YoY
Tesla · BYD · VW · Rivian · Hyundai — one EV needs 4× the copper of a combustion car. Ni and Co sit in every cathode.
uses CuNiCoLi
AI Data Centers
+38% YoY
NVIDIA · Microsoft · Meta · AWS · Google — a 1 GW AI data center swallows 65,000 t of copper. REE magnets drive cooling and motors.
uses CuREEAgSn
Grid Electrification
3× by 2035
Utilities · Renewables · Transmission — every kilometer of grid is copper and steel. Offshore wind alone adds 8 Mt Cu by 2030.
uses CuAlREEZn
Satellites & Space
+45% YoY
SpaceX Starlink · Amazon Kuiper · China Guowang — low-orbit constellations depend on Sn solders, Ag contacts, REE magnets, Ti alloys.
uses SnAgREECu
Consumer Tech & Components
trillion-unit market
Apple · Samsung · TSMC · Foxconn — every phone, chip, and server. Tin solders the board, cobalt powers the battery, gold bonds the wire.
uses SnCoCuAu